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Compound 38, a novel potent and selective antagonist of adenosine A2A receptor, enhances arousal in mice

Hui Zhang, Wei-xiang Ma, Qiong Xie, Li-fang Bu, Ling-xi Kong, Ping-chuan Yuan, Rong-hui Zhou, Yong-hui Wang, Lei Wu, Chen-yu Zhu, Zhi-lin Wang, Jun Han, Zhi-li Huang, Yi-qun Wang

Correspondence to: Jun Han: hanjun@wnmc.edu.cn, Zhi-li Huang: huangzl@fudan.edu.cn, Yi-qun Wang: yiqunwang@fudan.edu.cn,
DOI: 10.1038/s41401-024-01443-0
Received: 10 April 2024
Accepted: 20 November 2024
Advance online: 8 January 2025

Abstract

Adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of sleep-wake behaviors. We previously reported an A2AR selective antagonist compound 38 with an IC50 value of 29.0 nM. In this study, we investigated its effect on sleep-wake regulation in mice. Wild-type (WT) mice were administered compound 38 (3.3, 5.0, 7.5, 15, 30 mg/kg, i.p.) at 9:00, and electroencephalography and electromyography were simultaneously recorded. We showed that administration of compound 38 exhibited a dose-dependent effect on wakefulness promotion. To investigate the impact of compound 38 on sleep rebound, we conducted a 6 h (13:00–19:00) sleep deprivation experiment. We found that administration of compound 38 (30 mg/kg) produced a wakefulness-promoting effect lasting for 1 h. Subsequently, we explored the critical role of A2AR in the wakefulness-promoting effect of compound 38 using A2AR knockout (KO) mice and their WT littermates. We found that compound 38 enhanced wakefulness in WT mice, but did not have an arousal-promoting effect in A2AR KO mice, suggesting that the arousal-promoting effect of compound 38 was mediated by A2AR. We conducted immunohistochemistry and selectively ablated A2AR-positive neurons using cell type-specific caspase-3 expression, which revealed an essential role of A2AR-positive neurons in the nucleus accumbens shell for the arousal-promoting effect of compound 38. In conclusion, as a novel A2AR antagonist, compound 38 promotes wakefulness in mice via the A2AR and exhibits promising applications for further advancements in the field of sleep–wake disorders.

Keywords: Compound 38; A2AR antagonist; arousal-promoting effect; sleep–wake states; sleep deprivation; A2AR KO mice

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