Extract
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Introduction
As a member of the tetraspanin family, CD151 possesses 4 transmembrane domains: cytoplasmic amino and carboxyl
termini, and 2 extracellular loops, the larger of which contains the distinctive pattern of cysteine residues that help to define
the family[1]. In vitro, CD151 antibody inhibition of cord-like structures on matrigel results seen in NIH3T3 cells, suggests
that CD151 may contribute to angiogenesis in particular, and to branching morphogenesis in
general[2,3]. Our research has revealed that CD151 promotes neova-scularization and angiogenesis, which suggests that CD151 is a potential therapeutic
reagent for treating ischemia by inducing
angiogenesis[4]. However, the precise mechanism by which CD151 induces
angiogenesis response is not known.
Angiogenesis formation of new capillary blood vessels from existent microvessels occurs in physiological and
pathological states. Angiogenesis involves endothelial cell (EC) movement, realignment to form sprouts, and subsequent fusion and
extension to form mature capillary tubes. eNOS has been shown to regulate endothelial cell migration, proliferation and
angiogenesis[5_8]. Whether eNOS is involved in CD151-induced angiogenesis remains to be determined.
We hypothesized that CD151 might increase eNOS activity and might affect cell migration, proliferation and tube formation.
Here, we observed the effects of CD151 on eNOS activity, endothelial cell migration, proliferation and tube formation.
Therefore, we aim to determine the mechanisms by which CD151 induces cell migration, proliferation and tube formation.
Materials and methods
Materials PzeoSV-CD151 plasmid was given as a gift by Prof Xin ZHANG, Department of Molecular Science, University
of Tennessee Health Science Center (Memphis,Tennessee,USA). The restriction enzymes were from TaKaRa (Dalian, China).
DNA marker was from Jingmei Company (Shenzhen, China). Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) culture medium
was purchased from Gibco (Losaneles, California, USA). Lipofectamine 2000 was from Invitrogen Co (Carlsbad, California,
USA). Enhanced chemiluminescent (ECL) substrate was from Pierce (Rockford, Illinois, USA). Polyvinylidene difluoride
(PVDF) membrane was from Schleicher and Schuell Co (Hahnestrasse, Dassel, Germany). Mouse anti-human CD151 was from
Serotec (Kidlington, Oxford, UK). Rabbit anti-human
b-actin antibody was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa
Cruz, California, USA).
NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester
(L-NAME) was purchased from Sigma Company (St Louis, MO,
USA).
pAAV-CD151 and
pAAV-anti-CD151 plasmid construction Two pairs of primers were designed: P1 For:
5'-GAGAT-CTATGGGTGAGTTCAACGAG-3', with a restriction site of
Bgl II; P1 Rev:
5'-GGAATTCCTCAGTAGTGCTCCAGCTT-GAG-3',with a
restriction site of Not I; P2 For: 5'-GGAATT-CCATGGGTGAGTTCAA CGAG-3',with a restriction site of
Not I; P1 Rev: 5'-GAGATCTTCAGTAGTGCTC CAGCTTG-AG-3', with a restriction site of
Bgl II. The entire coding region of human CD151
cDNA was obtained from the pZeoSV-CD151 plasmid by PCR. Then the
pAAV-CD151 plasmid and the pAAV-anti-CD151 plasmid were constructed by inserting it into the pAAV vector in the sense and antisense directions next to the human
cytomegalovirus promoter. They were then amplified by transferring into activated
Escheria coli DH5a. They were confirmed by restriction endonuclease analysis (MBI, Hanover, MD, USA) and nucleotide sequencing (TaKaRa Biotechnology,
China).
Cell culture and plasmid transfection
The ECV304 cell line was bought from the China Center for Type Culture Collection
and cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal serum bovine (FBS), penicillin and streptomycin. ECV304 cells were
grown on 6-well plates (70%_90% confluent) and pre-incubated in OptiMem media for 15 min at 37 °C. The pAAV-CD151
plasmids (1 µg ), pAAV-anti-CD151 plasmids (1 µg) or pAAV-GFP plasmids (1 µg) was mixed with Lipofectamine 2000 (5
µL/well) and incubated for 15 min at
37 °C. The lipid-coated DNA was then added to each well containing 2 mL of DMEM media and incubated for 6 h. At the end
of this period, the media were removed and replaced with complete media, after which the ECV304 cells were lysed or used in
migration assays.
Western blot analysis The cells were scraped off the plates and lysed in radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) buffer
[50 mmol/L Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 150 mmol/L NaCl, 1% Nonidet-P40, 0.5% deoxycholic acid and 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate].
Cell lysates (50 µg protein) were electrophoresed on SDS-PAGE gel and transferred to a polyvinyl difluoride membrane.
Membranes were incubated with antibodies against CD151 or
b-actin. After incubation, the corresponding secondary
antibody signals were detected by the enhanced chemiluminescence reagents. The intensities of the various protein bands
were quantified by densitometry.
Migration assay Cell migration assay was performed using Boyden transwell chambers (8.5 mm in diameter). Briefly, 200
µL DMEM containing 10% FBS was added to the bottom well. Cells were resuspended in the appropriate buffer at a
concentration of 1×106 cells/mL, and 800 µL cell suspension was added to the top well of the Transwell chambers. Between
the bottom well and the top well, there was the filter (pore size 8 µm; Costar, Cambridge, MA, USA). After incubation at 37 °C
in 5% CO2 conditions, the cells that had not migrated were removed from the upper surface of the filters using cotton swabs,
and those that migrated to the lower surface of the filters were fixed in methanol and stained with hematoxylin. Migration was
determined by counting the cell number with a microscope at ×400. Five visual fields were chosen randomly for each assay.
The average number of the migrating cells in the 5 fields was taken as the cell migration number of the group. The assays were
repeated 3 times.
Proliferation assay The ECV304 cells were transfected with pAAV-CD151, pAAV-anti-CD151, or pAAV-GFP mediated by
Lipofectamine 2000 in 6-well plates in triplicate, and 24 h later the cells were trypsinized and seeded in 96-well plates in
triplicate (1×104 cells/well). After attachment, the cells were exposed to DMEM with 0.5% FBS for 48 h, and then the effects
of CD151 on ECV304 proliferation were evaluated using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5, diphenyltetra-zolium bromide
(MTT) (Sigma, USA) colorimetric assay. Briefly, the medium was removed and replaced with medium containing 5 mg/mL
MTT and incubated for 4 h. The medium was then aspirated, and the product was solubilized with DMSO. Absorbance was
measured at 570 nm for each well using a microplate reader (Bio-Tek Instruments, Winooski, VT, USA) according to the
manufacturer's protocol.
Tube formation analysis
In vitro formation of capillary-like tube structures was examined on matrigel. Matrigel (0.5 mL)
was polymerized on 24-well plates and
5×104 cells were then plated in full-growth media for 1 h. Once the cells were seeded,
the media was replaced with media containing 0.5% serum. Tube formation was visualized using an inverted microscope
(Nikon TE 2000, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with digital imaging. For each treatment, 10 high power field images were captured
and the area of endothelial tubes and networks formed was quantified using the Scion Image Analysis System (Frederick,
Maryland,USA) with background subtraction. To examine the effects of CD151 on tube formation, ECV304 cells were first
transfected with different plasmids; 24 h later, they were plated in 24-well plates with matrigel followed by tube formation
analysis as described earlier.
Measurement of eNOS activity
The activity of eNOS was assayed by
L-[3H] citrulline production from
L-[3H] arginine. In brief, cell lysates (100 µL) were incubated in 50 mmol/L Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5) containing the cofactors 100 nmol/L calmodulin,
2.5 mmol/L CaCl2, 1 mmol/L nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH),10 µmol/L tetrahydro-biopterin, 1
mmol/L dithiotreitol, and the substrate, 1 µCi
L-[3H]arginine, for 15 min at 37 °C. After the incubation period, the reaction was
quenched by the addition of 1 mL of stop buffer [20 mmol/L
N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethane sulfonic acid (HEPES),
2 mmol/L EDTA, and 0.2 mmol/L
ethyleneglycol-bis-(b-aminoethyl
ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetra-
acetic acid (EGTA), pH 3]. The reaction mixture was applied to a 1 mL column containing Dowex AG 50WX-8 resin
(Na+ form, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) that had been pre-equilibrated with the stop buffer.
L-[3H]citrulline was eluted twice with 0.5 mL
of stop buffer and radioactivity was determined by liquid scintillation counting.
Statistical analysis Values presented are the mean±SEM. Comparisons between 2 groups were performed
using Student's t test; 3 or more groups were compared by ANOVA, followed by the Newman-Keuls test.
P values less than 0.05 were considered significant.
Results
Construction and confirmation of
pAAV-CD151 plasmid and pAAV-anti-CD151 plasmid
To construct the recombinant pAAV-CD151 vector and pAAV-anti-CD151 vector, 799 bp CD151 cDNA with 2 enzyme sites
(Bgl II/Not I) was linked with the pAAV plasmid in the sense and antisense directions, respectively. The enzymes of
Bgl II and BamH I were isoschizomers.
The BamH I enzyme restriction site was approximately 500 bp away from the translation initiation of the CD151 gene.
pAAV-CD151 and pAAV-anti-CD151 were identified by restriction endonuclease digestion with
BamH I and Not I, and electrophoresis generating a 300 bp fragment and 500 bp fragment, respectively, which was compared with the desired result (Figure 1).
The DNA sequence was identical to the human CD151 gene sequence of GenBank (MIM: 602243).
Expression of CD151 after transfection
Using pAAV-GFP to control transfection efficiency, the transfection efficiency
was at its highest at 24 h, which was approximately 60% (Figure 2A). To observe the time course of the expression of CD151
after transfection with pAAV-CD151, we found that CD151 levels did not increase at 0, 6, or 12 h, but significantly increased
at 24 h (P<0.05). We also observed that the expression of CD151 in the cells transfected with pAAV-CD151 significantly
increased (P<0.05) as compared with the control and pAAV-GFP groups 24 h after transfection. In addition,
pAAV-anti-CD151 transfection dramatically
decreased (P<0.05) the expression of CD151 24 h after transfection (Figure 2B_D).
Effect of CD151 on ECV304 migration
In the Boyden chamber assay (Table 1), at 0, 6, and 12 h after transfection with
pAAV-CD151, there was no significance among the groups in the migrated cell number. At 24 h after transfection, increased
expression of CD151 significantly increased cell migration
(P<0.05), whereas decreased expression of CD151 significantly,
inhibited cell migration (P<0.05). These results suggest that CD151 plays a critical role in ECV304 migration.
Role of CD151 in ECV304 proliferation
To determine the effect of CD151 on ECV304 proliferation, a necessary process
for angiogenesis, we determined the proliferative effects using MTT assay. ECV304 transfected with pAAV-CD151 signifi
cantly enhanced ECV304 proliferation
(P<0.05) as compared with the groups transfected with pAAV-GFP and the control.
pAAV-anti-CD151 transfection significantly inhibited the proliferative effects as compared with the groups transfected with
pAAV-GFP and the control group (Figure 3), which suggested that CD151 promotes cell proliferation.
Effect of CD151 on eNOS activity
To investigate whether CD151 was able to increase eNOS activity, ECV304 cells were
transfected with pAAV-CD151 and pAAV-anti-CD151 and analyzed for NOS activity. As with cell migration, increased
expression of CD151 increased NOS activity significantly
(P<0.05), whereas decreased expression of CD151 significantly
decreased NOS activity (P<0.05, Figure 4A). Our data show that CD151 increases eNOS activity, which is consistent with our
hypothesis. In addition, increased eNOS activity induced by CD151 was inhibited by
L-NAME (Figure 4B). Based on these results, we show that CD151 activates eNOS.
Role of eNOS in CD151-induced ECV304 migration
We next investigated whether eNOS mediates CD151-induced cell
migration. For this reason, an eNOS inhibitor
(L-NAME) was used. The results showed that the cell number significantly
increased (P<0.05) in the cells transfected with pAAV-CD151 as compared with the groups transfected with pAAV-GFP and
the control group, which is consistent with Table 1. In addition, migrated cell number in cells transfected with p-AAV-CD151
decreased significantly (P<0.05) in the presence of
L-NAME (0.5 mmol/L, Figure 5). Taken together, the data indicate that
CD151-induced cell migration is partly dependent of the activation of eNOS.
Role of eNOS in CD151-induced ECV304 proliferation
In the MTT assay, we obtained similar results. The results
showed that CD151 significantly increased cell proliferation
(P<0.05) as compared with the groups transfected with
pAAV-GFP and the control group. L-NAME (0.5 mmol/L) significantly inhibited cell proliferation induced by CD151
(P<0.05, Figure 6). Taken together, the data indicate that CD151-induced cell proliferation is partly dependent on the activation of eNOS.
Role of eNOS on CD151-induced ECV304 tube formation
We next examined whether CD151 promotes ECV304 tube
formation. Matrigel tests demonstrated that transfection with pAAV-CD151 dramatically
(P<0.05) increased tube formation;
L-NAME dramatically (P<0.05) decreased the process (Figure 7). These data suggested that CD151 enhanced capillary tube
formation, which was inhibited by L-NAME, indicating that eNOS activation played a critical role in CD151-induced tube
formation.
Discussion
The present study shows that CD151 increases migration, proliferation and tube formation of ECV304 cells
in vitro. The antisense nuclei acid technology is an important method for investigating the gene function and retarding the adverse
proteins, and has been extensively used in molecular biology for its specificity, ease of use, and stability. So we constructed
p-AAV-anti-CD151 which was used to decrease the expression of CD151. Cell migration and proliferation were suppressed
when the expression of CD151 decreased after transfection with rAAV-anti-CD151. Results revealed that CD151 plays a
critical role in cell proliferation and migra-tion. In addition, we showed that CD151 stimulates tube-like structures after CD151
gene delivery. These data indicate that a critical role of CD151 is in cell migration, proliferation and angiogenesis. However,
the precise mechanisms are still unclear.
It has been shown that the tetraspanin CD151 is
involved in the regulation of the migration of neutrophils,
endothelial cells and various tumor cell
lines[5,9,10]. However, no biochemical signaling events have been ascribed to the activity of
CD151. Recent research has identified CD151 as a potential target for therapeutic
angiogenesis[4]. The mechanisms that CD151 control angiogenesis and signaling pathways are not completely understood at present. The present study also
demonstrated that CD151 increases eNOS activity 24 h after transfection with pAAV-CD151. Conversely, inhibiting the
expression of CD151 by transfection with p-AAV-anti-CD151 leads to decreased migrated cell numbers and proliferation of
ECV304, accompanied by a decrease of eNOS activity. The promotion or inhibition of cell migration and proliferation were
linked to the activity of eNOS, which indicates that eNOS plays a critical role in CD151-induced cell migration and
proliferation of ECV304 cells. Considering CD151-induced cell migration and proliferation mediated by eNOS, we next tried to
determine whether the effects of CD151 observed in the present study were related to increased eNOS activity. We then
examined influences of an eNOS inhibitor (L-NAME) and found the addition of
L-NAME to ECV304 cells transfected with pAAV-CD151 partly attenuated CD151-induced cell migration, proliferation and tube formation, suggesting that eNOS is
involved in part to the antagonistic effect of
L-NAME. It seems likely that CD151-induced cell migration, proliferation and
angiogenesis through the activation of eNOS.
Mechanisms that CD151 regulate cell migration, proliferation and tube formation take into account that eNOS activated
by CD151 plays a critical role in cell migration, proliferation and tube formation. eNOS is an important regulator in
angiogenesis and had been implicated in all steps in the process of angiogenesis, including endothelial cell migration, proliferation and
organization into a network
structure[11-13]. In addition,
inhibitors of eNOS could reduce CD151-induced cell proliferation,
migration and tube formation. This result indicates that eNOS is an important mediator in CD151-induced cell migration, cell
proliferation and angiogenesis.
From the currently available data, we have no explanation for the ability of CD151 to activate eNOS; future studies might
help to fully understand the role of eNOS in signaling by CD151. Based on our study, the most likely mechanism is that CD151
can function as a transmembrane link interacting with proteins regulating eNOS activity. Indeed, earlier studies have shown
that tetraspanins could influence downstream signaling
events, including tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular
proteins and activation of the serine-threonine kinase PKB/c-Akt. In addition, transmembrane-4 superfamily proteins associate with
activated protein kinase C (PKC) and link PKC to specific beta (1)
integrins[14]. The formation of PKC-TM4SF-integrin
complexes is important for the "outside-in" signal
transduction[15]. A published report has shown that PKCalpha could
activate eNOS and increase arterial blood flow in
vivo, which suggests that eNOS might be involved in the
PKC-TM4SF-integrin pathway[16]. A detailed analysis of signaling events in the present study indicates that CD151 affects cell migration,
proliferation and tube formation via a novel mechanism. In the present study, we showed that CD151 targets eNOS
signaling and these events are connected with CD151-induced cell migration, proliferation and tube formation.
In summary, we investigated in detail and found that CD151 promotes cell migration, proliferation and tube formation.
Furthermore, we established that this effect arises from the marked effect of CD151 on the
activation of eNOS. To our knowledge, there have been no previous studies regarding the effects of CD151 on eNOS activity. Further studies will
provide clues for better understanding the function of CD151, and may help uncover novel therapeutic strategies for
regulating the angiogenic process.
Acknowledgement
We are grateful to Prof Xin ZHANG for providing PzeoSV-CD151 plasmid (Department of Molecular Science, University
of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee,USA).
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