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Introduction
Urotensin II (UII) is a vasoactive cyclic peptide which was originally isolated from fish urophysis, and has been cloned
from humans since 1998[1]. UII has been identified as the endogenous ligand for the orphan G protein-coupled receptor,
GPR14 (urotensin II receptor,
UT)[2,3]. UII mRNA is predominately expressed in the spinal cord and certain brain areas, while
UT mRNA is widely expressed in cardiovascula-ture such as the myocardium, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and
endothelial cells[4,5]. Human UII effectively constricts isolated arteries from non-human primates. The potency of
vasoconstriction is of a greater magnitude than that of endothelin 1, making UII the most potent mammalian
vasoconstrictor[2]. UII also exhibits many other physiological actions, for example, UII induces proliferation of cultured VSMC and human
endothelial cells[6,7], and accelerates foam cell formation in human monocyte-derived
macrophages[8]. UII-induced hypertrophic
responses in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes have also been
observed[4]. In isolated human atrial trabecular tissues,
UII exhibits potent positive inotropic
activity[9]. The increase of UII and UII mRNA, as well as greater density of UII binding
sites were found in the myocardium of patients with congestive heart
failure[3]. Gruson et al also found that in patients with
congestive heart failure, UII content was related to the functional class of the disease and correlated negatively with left
ventricular ejection fraction. Furthermore, UII correlated significantly with big-engdothelin-1 and brain natriuretic peptide,
suggesting that UII could play a role in worsening the course of congestive heart
failure[10]. In patients with coronary artery
disease, the rise of plasma UII was significantly proportional to the parameters of cardiac
dysfunction[11,12]. We previously showed that the density of binding sites for UII in sarcolemma of the myocardium increased in rats exposed to chronic
hypoxia[13]. In addition, the expression of UII and UT protein increased in both infarcted and non-infarcted regions of the left
ventricle in a rat model of heart failure after myocardial
infarction[14]. Tzanidis et al reported that UII stimulates collagen
synthesis of cardiac fibroblasts, suggesting that UII may be involved in myocardial
fibrogene-sis[14]. Interestingly, Watanabe
et al reported that UII acts synergistically with mildly oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL) and serotonin in inducing VSMC
proliferation and accelerates foam cell formation in human monocyte-derived
macrophages[15,16]. Taken together, these data
suggest that UII might contribute to cardiovascular diseases through synergistic interaction with other vasoactive substances.
Accordingly, in this study, we determined UII contents in the plasma and myocardium, and UT mRNA expression in the
myocardium with fibrogenesis of rats induced by isoproterenol (ISO). We also determined whether UII is involved in the
development of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrogenesis.
Materials and methods
Materials Male Wistar rats weighing 180_200 g were supplied by the Animal Center, Health Science Center, Peking
University (Beijing, China). Animal care and experimental protocols were in compliance with the Animal Management Rules
of China (Documentation No 55, 2001, Ministry of Health, China) and the Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals,
Peking University First Hospital.
Rat UII (pEHGTAPECFWKYCI) and the radioimmunoassay (RIA) kit of rat UII were purchased from Phoenix
Pharmaceuticals Inc (Belmont, CA, USA). The RIA kit of Ang II and ALD were purchased from Furui Pharmaceutical Inc (Beijing, China).
Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) was purchased from Sigma (St Louis, MO, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS)
was from Hyclone (Logan, UT, USA). [3H]Thymidine and
[3H]proline were from Amersham Pharmacia Biotech (Freiburg,
Germany). Trizol and dNTP were from Clontech Laboratories (Palo Alto, CA, USA). Moloney murine leukemia virus
transcriptase (MMLV), Taq DNA polymerase and oligo
(dT)15 primer were from Promega (Madison, WI, USA). Oligonucleotides
were synthesized by Sai Baisheng Biotechnology (Beijing, China). The sequences of oligonucleotide primers were: rUT-S:
5'-GCATC-TTCACCCTGACCATAA-3'; rUT-A: 5'-CCCAGAAGAGAA-GGACGATACC-3';
b-actin S: 5'-ATCTGGCACCACACCTTC-3'; and b-actin A: 5'-AGCCAGGTCCAGACGCA-3'.
Products amplified by UT
and b-actin primers were 399 bp and 291 bp, respectively.
Preparation of animals Thirty male Wistar rats (weight 190±10 g) were randomly and equally divided into 3 groups: group
1, control; group 2, ISO-treated; and group 3, ISO and UII co-treated. In groups 2 and group 3, ISO (5
mg·kg-1·d-1) was subcutaneously injected into the rats once a day. In group 1, the rats were given sc injections of 0.9% saline instead of
ISO[17]. The rats of group 3 were also given iv injections of UII [3 nmol/kg (5 µg/kg)] on the first day, followed by sc injections
of UII (1.5 µg/kg), twice daily. These treatments lasted for 7 d. On d 8, no special treatment was given to these rats. Caudal
artery pressure and heart rate were measured with a determinator (sphygmomanometer, Chinese-Japanese Friendship Hospital,
Beijing, China) before and after treatment.
On d 9, the animals were weighed and anesthetized with 0.6% pentobarbital sodium (60 mg/kg, ip). After the blood was
collected from the inferior vena cava in pre-chilled tubes containing ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid and leupeptin, the rats
were subsequently killed by decapitation; the heart was carefully isolated, then blotted slightly and weighed. The degree of
ventricular hypertrophy was assessed by measuring the ratio of the heart weight/body weight (HW/BW). Several slices of
left ventricular tissue were stored in 10% formalin for pathological examination microscopically after hematoxylin-eosin stain
and Masson stain. Other cardiac tissues were stored at -70 °C for the determination of UT mRNA, UII contents,
hydroxyproline concentration, Ang II contents, ALD contents, and malondialdehyde (MDA). Plasma was separated from the blood
immediately and stored at -70 °C until determination.
Myocardial expression of UT mRNA was determined by RT-PCR. The UII contents of plasma and cardiac tissues, as well
as cardiac Ang II and ALD contents were determined by RIA. Plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was measured on
an automatic analyzer. Myocardial MDA was determined using thiobarbituric acid
test[18].
RT-PCR assay The expression of UT mRNA in the atrium and ventricles were assessed by RT-PCR as
described[19], with medulla oblongata as a positive control tissue. The total RNA extracted from the tissue was quantified by use of an UV
spectrophotometer (UV2100, Shimadzu, Japan). Reverse transcription to cDNA was accomplished by priming 2 µg total RNA
with oligo (dT)15 primer using MMLV trans-criptase. Products were then used for the following PCR amplification: 2.5
mmol/L each dNTP 1 µL, 10×PCR buffer (100 mmol/L Tris-HCl, pH 8.3, 15 mmol/L
MgCl2, 500 mmol/L KCl) 2.5 µL, cDNA 1 µL, 5
µmol/L each of rUII-S and rUII-A primers or UT-S and UT-A primers 1 µL and 1.25 unit of
Taq DNA polymerase, in a total volume of 25 µL. After denaturing at
95 oC for 5 min, PCR cycles were run at 94
oC for 30 s,
57 oC for 30 s and 72
oC for 30 s for 35 cycles, then 72
oC for 5 min. As an internal control for each PCR reaction,
b-actin cDNA was also amplified for each sample under the same conditions. PCR products were separated in a 1.5% agarose gel and
visualized by ethidium bromide staining. The intensity of the PCR product bands under UV light was measured using a gel
image analyzer. Results were expressed as the ratios of UT PCR product (399 bp) to
b-actin PCR product (291 bp). Each sample was repeated 3 times.
Determination of myocardial hydroxyproline
concentration Myocardial hydroxyproline
concentration was determined by the method of Stegemann and
Stalder after acid (HCl) hydrolysis, as previously
described[20]. Samples of ventricular tissue
from all the rats were weighed for tissue analysis. Approximately 100 mg of left ventricular tissues were scissored and used
for the spectrophotometric determination of hydroxyproline (558 nm).
Extraction and measurement of UII peptide from tissues and plasma
Extraction and measurement of UII peptide from the
tissues and plasma was operated according to the method reported previously by
us[13]. In brief, the blood samples were
immediately centrifuged for 15 min (2000×g
at 4 °C), and the supernatant plasma was collected; UII was extracted from the
plasma by passage through the C18 Sep-Pak cartridges (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) and stored at -70 °C until UII
measurement was undertaken. The cardiac tissues were
quickly excised, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -70 °C
until the UII levels were measured. The frozen tissues were homogenized in 1 mol/L acetic acid and boiled for 10 min. The homogenate
was then centrifuged for 15 min (17 000×g
at 4 °C) and the supernatant containing UII peptide was stored at -70 °C. Rat UII
levels in both plasma and tissues were measured using a specific RIA, which has a sensitivity of 1 pg/tube and 20%
cross-reactivity with mouse UII, 1% cross-reactivity with human UII respectively, and has 0% cross-reactivity with UI, urocortin or
Ang II. The within assay coefficient of variation was 6%.
Measurement of Ang II and
ALD Ang II contents of myocardial tissues were determined using RIA as described earlier,
which has a sensitivity of 10 pg/tube and no cross-reactivity with Ang I. ALD contents were also determined using RIA,
which has a sensitivity of 3 pg/tube. The within assay coefficient of variation was 5%.
Culture of neonatal cardiac fibroblasts of
rat Neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts were prepared from the hearts
of 1 d-old Wistar rats (Health Science Center, Peking University, Peking, China) as previously
described[21]. The cells were purified by
differential plating[22] and used at passages 2-4 for all experiments.
Determination of cell
proliferation DNA synthesis was examined by measuring
[3H]thymidine incorporation into the cellular DNA, as described
previously[23]. Cultured cardiac fibroblasts were divided into the following groups: (1) control
group: the cells were cultured in serum-free DMEM; and (2) UII groups:
5×10-9, 5×10-8, or
5×10-7 mol/L UII was added to
serum-free medium. Each experiment was repeated 6 times.
Cardiac fibroblasts were first grown in DMEM with 10% FBS and 200 mg/L L-glutamine, and then seeded in 24-well plates
at 1×105 cells/well in DMEM+10% FBS. After 24 h, cell growth was arrested in DMEM containing 0.5% FBS for 24 h. After
synchronization of cardiac fibroblasts, the medium was changed to DMEM without serum. Cardiac fibroblasts were
incubated with different concentrations of UII for 24 h and exposed to
[3H]thymidine at the concentration of 1 µCi/well for the last
8 h of the 24 h incubation period. After the incubation, the cells were washed with ice cold PBS and 10% trichloroacetic acid.
Acid-insoluble [3H]thymidine was collected on glass fiber filters
(Whatman, Kent, UK) and determined by a liquid
scintillation counter (LS 6500, Beckman, Fullerton, CA , USA).
Determination of collagen synthesis and
secretion Collagen synthesis was examined by measuring
[3H]proline incorporation into the cells. The groups were divided and treatment was the same as the experiment of cell proliferation, except that
[3H]proline was used instead of
[3H]thymidine. At the end of the experiment, the cells were harvested for the measurement of
collagen synthesis, and supernatants were collected to measure the collagen secreted from the cells.
Collagen secretion was measured according to the method of
Li[24]. Briefly, 100 µL of pepsin assay buffer (mixed with 25
mL of 5 mol/L acetic acid, pH 2-3, 25 µL of 1 g/L pepsin solution in 0.5 mol/L acetic acid, and 50 µL of 10 g/L proline) were added
to 1 mL of the supernatant from a well and kept for 3 h at 4 °C. To precipitate
protein fractions, 250 µL of 1.2 mol/L cold
trichloroacetic acid was added to the samples and incubated on ice for 2 h. Precipitates were applied onto filter units
(Whatman, UK), washed with trichloroacetic acid and ethanol, and counted in a scintillation counter.
Statistical analysis Results are shown as mean±SD. Comparisons were done with the use of the unpaired Student's
t test and one-way ANOVA, followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test. A value of
P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Changes of HW/BW after ISO/ISO+UII
administration During the experimental period, 1 rat from the ISO group and 2
rats from the ISO+UII group died. No death occurred among the control rats. In the ISO-treated group, the rats' heart became
enlarged markedly. Compared with the control rats, the HW/BW increased by 44.7%
(P<0.01) in the ISO group, and 73.4%
(P<0.01) in the ISO+UII group, respectively. Moreover, HW/BW increased by 19.8%
(P<0.01) in the ISO+UII group compared
with the ISO group (Table 1).
Myocardial injury Myocardial MDA formation and plasma LDH activity in the ISO group increased by 46.5%
(P<0.01) and 132%
(P<0.01), respectively, compared with the control group. Moreover, the ISO+UII-treated animals showed
a further increase in myocardial MDA (P<0.01) and plasma LDH activity
(P<0.01), which were higher than those of the ISO
group (both P<0.01, Table 1).
Measurements of caudal artery pressure and heart rate of rats
after ISO and ISO+UII administration ISO induced a
marked increase in blood pressure. Compared with the control group or before ISO treatment, the blood pressure of the ISO
rats elevated significantly (P<0.05), and it was even higher in the ISO+UII-treated rats
(P<0.01). However, the heart rates in the ISO-treated rats did not change significantly. Although the heart rate in the UII+ISO rats was slightly lower than that
before administration or the control group, there was no statistical difference
(P>0.05, Table 2).
Myocardial necrosis and
fibrosis Morphological studies showed that no fibrosis and necrosis occurred in the
myocardium of normal rats, while marked fibrosis and necrosis in both the myocardium of the ISO-treated rats and the
ISO+UII-treated rats, especially in the latter. Moreover, the greatest degree of fibrosis and necrosis were confined to the
subendocardial areas (Figure 1).
Changes of myocardial hydroxyproline concentration after ISO and ISO+UII
administration The change of myocardial collagen was measured by means of hydroxyproline quantification. The ISO group had an increased myocardial
hydroxyproline concentration, compared with the control group (0.55±0.04 µg/mg
vs 0.49±0.02 µg/mg, P<0.01), and the myocardial
hydroxyproline concentration in the ISO+UII group (0.64±0.05 µg/mg) was further increased compared with the control and
ISO groups (P<0.01).
Changes of cardiac UT mRNA expression after ISO and ISO+UII
administration Our results showed abundant
expression of UT mRNA in rat atrium and ventricle (Figure 2). RT-PCR showed UT mRNA expression in ventricular tissue from both
the ISO-treated rats and ISO+UII-treated rats were significant higher than that of the control
(P<0.05, Figure 3). Although UT mRNA expression in the tissue of the ISO+UII rats had a tendency to increase than that of the ISO rats, there was no statistical
significance between them (P>0.05, Figure 3). In the atrium, UT mRNA expression from both the ISO and ISO+UII groups
were also significant higher than that of the control group
(P<0.05), while there was no significant difference between the ISO
and ISO+UII groups (P>0.05, Figure 4).
Changes of UII contents after ISO and ISO+UII
administration Plasma UII levels increased by 17.3% in the ISO group
and further increased by 19.8% in the ISO+UII group compared to the control rats
(P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in plasma UII levels between the ISO and ISO+UII groups
(P>0.05, Table 3).
The ventricular UII contents significantly increased by 49.9%
(P<0.01) in the ISO rats and by 103% in the ISO+UII rats
compared to the control rats. Furthermore, the UII contents were elevated by 35.4% in the ISO+UII rats than the ISO rats
(P<0.01, Table 3).
Atrial UII contents increased by 25.6%
(P<0.05) in the ISO rats and by 56.0%
(P<0.01) in the ISO+UII rats, respec-tively,
compared with the control rats, and elevated by 24.2%
(P<0.05) in the ISO+UII rats compared with the ISO rats (Table 3).
Changes of cardiac Ang II contents after ISO/ISO+UII administration
The results showed that the ventricular Ang II
content significantly increased in the ISO rats (367.1±20.6 pg/mg) and the ISO+UII rats (399.1±36.0 pg/mg), compared with the
control rats (321.2±26.6 pg/mg; P<0.05,
P<0.01 respectively). Although atrial Ang II contents of the ISO rats (552.8±89.5
pg/mg Prot) and the UII+ISO rats (617.8±
83.36 pg/mg) were slightly elevated compared to the controls (533.1±74.71 pg/mg), there was no statistical significance
(P>0.05).
Changes of cardiac ALD contents after ISO and ISO+UII
administration The ventricular ALD content of the ISO rats
(84.80±7.85 pg/mg) was slightly higher than that of the controls (77.93±6.88 pg/mg). However, there was no statistic significance
between the 2 groups. The ventricular ALD contents of the ISO+UII rats was higher than that of the controls (93.71±10.94
pg/mg vs 77.93±6.88 pg/mg, P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the ISO and the UII+ISO group
(P>0.05).
UII promoted the proliferation of neonatal cardiac
fibroblasts In cultured neonatal cardiac fibroblasts, UII stimulated the
proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner, as assessed by
[3H]thymidine incorporation experiment compared with
the control; [3H]thymidine incorporations increased by 1.1, 1.9 and 2.5 times respectively in the
5×10-9, 5×10-8 and
5×10-7 mol/L UII groups (P<0.01).
UII promoted collagen synthesis and secretion of cardiac
fibroblasts The results also showed that UII stimulated
[3H]proline incorporation in a concentration-dependent manner.
[3H]Proline incorporation increased by 30%, 45%, and 57%,
respectively in the 5×10-9,
5×10-8, and 5×10-7 mol/L groups compared with the control (all
P<0.01).
UII also stimulated collagen secretion from cultured cardiac fibroblasts in a
dose-dependent manner, as shown in Table 4.
UII at the concentrations of
5×10-9_5×10-7
mol/L increased collagen secretion by 38%_61%
(P<0.01), compared with the control group.
Discussion
UII displays strong vasoconstrictive effects in isolated arteries and some other cardiovascular effects, including
stimulating proliferation of VSMC and inducing strong hypertrophic growth of
cardiomyocytes[6,15,16]. Moreover, we previously
reported an increase in the density of binding sites for UII in the myocardium of rats exposed to chronic
hypoxia[13]. Douglas et al showed an up-regulation of UII content and mRNA expression, as well as greater density of UII binding sites in the
myocardium of patients with congestive heart
failure[3]. UII is also elevated in children with congenital heart
disease[25]. Furthermore, Tzanidis et
al observed that UII and UT proteins increased in both infarct and non-infarct regions of the left
ventricle in the rat model of heart failure after myocardial infarction.
In vitro, they also found that UII stimulated collagen
synthesis of neonatal cardiac
fibroblasts[9]. However, the significance of UII in the development of cardiac fibrosis has still
not been clarified completely.
The present study shows that repeated injections of small doses of ISO results in subacute impairment of the heart, such
as an increase of cytosolic enzyme LDH leaking into the extracellular space, promotion of lipid peroxidation, myocardial
hypertrophy and necrosis, over expression of extracellular matrix proteins and massive fibrosis. Moreover, the addition of
UII significantly aggravated myocardial damage. This study showed, for the first time, that plasma and myocardial UII
contents, as well as UT mRNA expression, increased significantly in the process of ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis
induced by ISO. These indicated that UII was involved in myocardial hypertrophy and fibrogenesis by acting synergistically
with ISO.
The mechanism of UII facilitating myocardial hypertrophy and fibrogenesis is not clear. It was reported that UII might
contribute to cardiac remodeling by the stimulation of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy via UT, and through the upregulation of
inflammatory cytokines such as
interleukin-6[4]. Tzanidis et
al also found that UII stimulated cardiac hypertrophy
significantly under conditions of UT
upregula-tion[14]. In TE-671 cells, the functional UII high affinity binding sites could be
specifically upregulated by
interferon-gamma[26]. The present study showed that ISO treatment markedly induced increases
of UT mRNA expression and UII contents. UII could potentiate ISO-induced cardiac impairment.
In vitro, UII significantly promoted the proliferation and collagen synthesis and secretion, being consistent with the Tzanidis
et al study[14]. We propose that the upregulation of UT might produce a necessary condition by which UII could sufficiently stimulate
hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes and proliferation as well as collagen synthesis of cardiac fibroblasts, thereby accelerating
ISO-induced myocardial injuries and contributing to the development of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis.
It is reported that neuroendocrine factors play an important role in the development of ISO-induced injures. Grim
et al[27] reported that plasma renin activity and cardiac ACE activity increased significantly in ISO-treated rats. The present
study found that with the addition of increased ventricular Ang II, the myocardial UII-UT system was upregulated in the
ISO-treated rats, indicating that the UII-UT system is a new regulating system involved in cardiac fibrogenesis. UII could
accelerate cardiac injuries induced by ISO. In addition, myocardial ALD content in the UII+ISO-treated rats also increased,
being similar to a report that UII could stimulate the elevation of interrenal ALD secretion in axolotl,
Ambystoma mexicanum[28], which suggests that there is a relationship between the 2 systems, however, it needs to be further investigated.
In summary, the present study showed that HW/BW, plasma LDH activity, myocardial MDA and hydroxyproline
concentration and cardiac expression of UT mRNA markedly increased in the ISO-treated rats. Morphological studies showed
marked myocardial fibrosis and necrosis in these rats. The ISO-treated rats were also characterized by hormonal activations
including elevations of myocardial UII and ventricular Ang II contents. ISO plus UII treatment significantly increased the
degree of myocardial impairment and exacerbated the degree of hypertrophy and fibrosis.
In vitro, UII stimulated proliferation and collagen synthesis of neonatal cardiac fibroblasts in a concentration-dependent manner. These results indicate that
UII is a factor in accelerating the progress of cardiac fibrogenesis and plays an important role in the cardiac remodeling by
synergistic effects with catecholamine.
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